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Learning Challenges Explained

Working Memory Challenges: Why Your Smart Child Forgets Everything

June 4, 2025 By Foundations Cognitive

working memory challenges

Story at-a-glance Working memory is like your brain's temporary workspace – It holds and manipulates information for short periods while completing tasks, different from both short-term memory and long-term memory storage. Intelligence and memory are separate systems – Highly intelligent children can have significant working memory challenges, leading to frustrating gaps between their …

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ADHD vs. ADD: Understanding the Differences and What They Mean for Your Child

June 3, 2025 By Foundations Cognitive

add vs adhd

Story At-A-Glance ADD is outdated terminology – Medical professionals now use ADHD (Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder) for all attention-related challenges, with three different presentations rather than separate conditions. Three types exist – ADHD comes in predominantly inattentive (the old "ADD"), predominantly hyperactive-impulsive, and combined types, each with distinct …

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Auditory Processing Disorders: When Children Can Hear But Not Process What They’re Hearing

May 16, 2025 By Foundations Cognitive

auditory processing disorder

Story At-A-Glance Auditory Processing Disorder (APD) involves difficulties with how the brain interprets and makes sense of sounds, despite normal hearing sensitivity in tests. The auditory processing pathway involves multiple steps: sound detection by the ears, neural transmission, complex brain processing (involving temporal processing, binaural integration, pattern recognition, …

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Vestibular System Dysfunction: Understanding Balance, Coordination and Learning Connections

May 12, 2025 By Foundations Cognitive

vestibular system dysfunction

Story At-A-Glance The vestibular system, located in the inner ear, is often oversimplified as just our "balance system," but plays a crucial role in development, learning, and everyday functioning. Beyond balance, the vestibular system influences muscle tone, eye movement control, spatial orientation, bilateral coordination, attention regulation, and emotional security. Vestibular …

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Sensory Processing Disorders: Identifying and Supporting Children with Sensory Challenges in the Classroom

May 7, 2025 By Foundations Cognitive

sensory processing disorders

Story at-a-glance Sensory Processing Disorder (SPD) affects how the brain receives and responds to sensory information, impacting 5-16% of school-aged children and often underlying academic difficulties that are frequently misdiagnosed as behavioral problems. Our sensory systems extend beyond the traditional five senses to include proprioception (body awareness), vestibular sense (balance …

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